Questions for the Wan and Chiou (2006) Article

1. What’s the topic of the research?

The topic of the research is to investigate the conscious and unconscious psychological motivations of online game addicts, and to further discuss the relationship between surface and source motivations.

2. Copy the introduction and highlight sections that correspond to the following three questions. Use yellow, red, and green (in that order):

What is known about this topic?

The Internet itself is not addictive, but specific applications embedded with interactive features appear to play a significant role in the development of pathological Internet use.

Users can build their own virtual organizations and create individual factions, organizations, and
terms based on shared beliefs, goals, preferences, and other factors.

Online games have become one of the most addictive activities on the Internet.

Excessive use of online games can result in a number of negative outcomes, such as a negative impact on academic performance, increased anxiety, deterioration of interpersonal relationship,
escape from reality, and youth violence and crimes.

What’s missing in our current knowledge about the topic?

The majority of research concerned with online games has been conducted within a quantitative research paradigm. Few have explored this issue using qualitative research methodology, such as conducting in-depth interviews with online game addicts. Tsai and Lin suggested that qualitative data gathered from interviews might not only help researchers interpret the findings revealed but also produce a more detailed picture about Internet addiction. Griffiths also suggested that other empirical techniques such as in-depth qualitative interviews are required.

How will the author find out what’s missing?

The aim of this study was to conduct in-depth interviews focusing on excessive and addictive online game use among adolescents in Taiwan.

3. The introduction only provides a cursory discussion of previous research. Why is this so?

The study has titled with rapid communication. So, authors has to state their opinion in a short time. As a result they emphasize the basic point not included in the previous researches.

4. Who is the article’s intended audience? Why should the audience be concerned about the issue? (Provide a relevant quote from the text of the article.)

Academics studying on human psyhcology are the article`s intended audience. Also, people having great concern on the online game addiction of youth are the intended audience.

Against there are more quantitative studies on the online game addiction, researchers may be find a few qualitative studies. Because this study depends on qualitative methods, it can be attractive for these researchers.

"Analysis of the results indicated that psychological needs and motivations could be categorized into the following seven themes:

The aim of this study was to explore addicts’ psychological texts among adolescents in Taiwan.

The aim of this study was to conduct in-depth interviews focusing on excessive and addictive online game use among adolescents in Taiwan."

5. Based on the article’s initial sentence, who do you think Young is? Status?

Young is an esteemed academician in the field of human psychology. Also he/she made several studies in the related fields. His/her studies related with online game addiction are considered an fundamental works.

6. List examples of the following uses of tense:

Present tense to describe a generalization.

Internet itself is not addictive.

Therefore, online game addiction is an issue of great concern that requires further exploration.

Ng et al.stated that social interaction in MMORPGs is highly essential, as you must collaborate with other players in the game to succeed in more complex goals, and a player must join a “guild” or “clan” of other players to advance further in the game.

Therefore, the presence of needs for power and achievement in the conscious level merely reflects their weak or absent existence in the unconscious level.

Present perfect (e.g., “I have done…”) to describe a newsworthy trend.

Online games have attracted large numbers of players.

Online games have become one of the most addictive activities on the Internet.

Past tense used to show examples.

All of the subjects exhibited addictive behavior toward online games.

7. Find three sentences that use the passive and explain if and why the passive voice is preferable to active voice.

"The subjects for the present study were selected because they demonstrated addictive behaviors toward online games and were highly cooperative."

Authors want to explain why they choose the subjects. they emphasize the qualities of subjects.

"On-line interviews can be conducted without the limitations of time and location, and each interviewee’s responses could easily be recorded in digital format"

Previous sentence, authors talk about importance of interviews which can be done over internet. So in this sentence, they start to sentence with "on line interviews" and want to emphasize useful side of this technique.

"However, this motivation is not accepted by the censorship of the superego."

This sentence can be written by using active voice "Censorhip of the superego doesn`t accept this motivation." However, in this case connection with the previous sentence may become difficult, because phrase of "this motivation' refers to the previous sentence.

8. List the transitional elements used in the paragraph under the heading “Self-reflections.”

However
Moreover
Even though
Therefore

9. Find 20 examples of hedging in the discussion section of the article.

The relationship between sense of control and self-efficacy might provide insight into this pathological use of online games.

playing games compulsively might only serve as a coping mechanism

they might become more likely to engage in

they often do things that they dare not to do in real life.

many people who are addicted to the Internet might attempt to escape

at the conscious level addicted players might seek selfpresentation in an anonymous, relaxing, and secure space,

they might actually have an unsatisfied need

some subjects’ reports indicate

the players might be pursuing the satisfaction of achievement

the pathological viewpoints of psychodynamics for compulsive behaviors could be used to explain

these source motivations might be the dynamic

the counseling intervention could be employed by

Future studies could consider conducting in-depth interviews

participants might be more forthcoming

10. Which citation style is used?
(See http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/citations.html)
APA
MLA
Chicago-Turabian

Chicago-Turabian style is used.

11. How many heading styles are used in the paper? Based on the heading styles, create an outline of the paper (only use headings in your outline).

Three heading styles are used in the paper.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

Subjects

Procedure

Interview questions

RESULTS

Psychological needs and motivations

Addicts’ focus of life

Interplay of virtual self and real self

Compensatory or extensive satisfaction

Self-reflections

DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

12. Describe the methodology used in the study. Was this a qualitative or quantitative study?

Methodology used in the study basicly depends on some interviews. Interviewees are selected from real examples. all interviews include several questions. This study was a qualitative.

13. Based on the discussion section, what could be a possible follow on study?

A possible follow on study could be include adolescents from other countries. In this way cross-cultural analyses can be done. Also, following study could consider conducting in-depth interviews over the internet. because of the anonymous environment of internet participantc may be more honest.

14. All studies have limitations. What are some of the limitations mentioned in this study?

This study is limited by Taiwanese adolescents. It also depends on face to face interviews. This type of interviews results in a time limit. Also the number of participants is limited.

refering

Internet Heavy Use and Addiction among Taiwanese
College Students: An Online Interview Study

Introduction

In recent years, the Internet has become the most popular consumer technology and is changing the way people all over the world live and communicate. Taiwan’s first network infrastructure, Tanet, has been in existence since 1990, and connects all schools and major research institutes. Tanet has provided convenient and free access to faculty and most students. However, over involvement with the Internet on college campuses has occasionally been observed and reported. Some students have exhibited Internet addiction symptoms, such as heavy preoccupation with the Internet, excessive online time, compulsive behavior, and time-management problems.

Kandell stated that college students as a group appear more vulnerable to developing dependence on the Internet than any other segment of society, probably because college students have strong drives to develop firm senses of identity, and to develop meaningful and intimate relationships. In Taiwan, most students leave their homes and move toward independent lives when they enter college. Many reside in school dormitories and have convenient and free Internet access through school network systems. They find the Internet to be an important window through which they can communicate and interact with the world. Further, college students usually have free and easily accessed connections, meaning that Internet use is both implicitly and explicitly encouraged by a recognized, institutional authority. Therefore, Grohol suggests that societal acceptance of the Internet and the effects of labeling Internet use are additional issues that must be taken into consideration when we study Internet addiction or heavy use. Therefore, inspecting the substituting net time for generally accepted television time became one of the interview questions for this study. The implications of Grohol’s observations are that Internet use hours should not be the only factor used to judge Internet addiction, and that observations of online behaviors should not be on temporal bases only.

However, from previous studies, it can be found that user time is an important index for research of Internet addiction. For example, in Young’s study, 396 Internet-dependent subjects reported a striking average of 38.5 h/week spent online, compared to 4.9 h of nondependent Internet users. In Chou and Hsiao’s study, 54 Internet addicts spent 20–25 h/week connected to the Internet—almost triple the number of hours that 856 nonaddicts spent. The fact that addicted (or dependent) individuals spend more time online than nonaddicts has been empirically verified, and remains an important component of research and analysis.

Online activity or application is another factor used by researchers to evaluate Internet addiction. Young reports that dependents primarily use two-way communication functions such as chatrooms, multi-user dimensions or multi-user dungeons (MUDs), newsgroups, and e-mail, while nondependents use information-gathering functions available on the Internet, such as information protocols and the World Wide Web (WWW). Chou and Hsiao’s study reports that an addicted group spent more time on electronic bulletin board systems (BBS) and e-mail than the nonaddicted group. However, it was found that the addicted group also spent more time on the WWW than the nonaddicted group. This study reports that BBS use hours and e-mail use hours are two powerful factors in predicting Internet addiction.

Heavy Internet users often report problems caused by excessive Internet use. Time distortion is a significant and frequently reported problem. Users who spend a significant amount of time online often experience academic, relational, financial, and occupational difficulties, as well as physical impairments. For example, students may have difficulty completing homework assignments, studying, and getting sufficient sleep to meet their academic responsibilities (such as getting up and getting to class). Chou and Hsiao report that the addicted group rated the impact of heavy Internet use on studies and daily living as significantly worse than the nonaddict group. Results showed that most heavy users had experienced one or more negative impacts, but how they coped with these consequences was still unclear from this early work. Did they cut down their Internet use time or reduce the time they spent on daily activities and chores? Were they successful in compensating for the exorbitant amount of time spent on the Internet? This paper focuses on these questions.

Young reports that Internet-dependents gradually spent less time with friends and family in exchange for solitary time in front of a computer. Brenner also reports that some respondents experienced increasing social isolation except for Internet friends. However, Chou and Hsiao’s study found that both addicted and nonaddicted groups experienced the impact of Internet use on their relationships with friends/schoolmates as positive, because they felt that the Internet provided them with opportunities to meet new people, with more topics to share, and with additional, if not primary, tools for communicating with old friends.

Suler posits that whether Internet use is healthy, pathologically addictive, or somewhere in between is determined by the cluster of needs that Internet use fulfills, and how, exactly, those needs are met. In particular, Suler addresses two interpersonal needs: the need to belong and the need for relationships. Both of these needs can be observed among Taiwan’s college students. When most students enter college, they are separated from their families and treated as adults by society—often for the first time. These late adolescents must contend with two important tasks: developing a sense of belonging and identify, and developing new, meaningful relationships. Suler states that, in this sense, the Internet is more than just an information superhighway; it is also a powerful social domain. Kandell observes that college students may overuse two-way Internet communication applications such as chatrooms, email, and MUD games in an effort to accomplish these difficult tasks. The danger lies in overuse, making these activities the central focus of their lives. Young concludes that, while the Internet itself is not addictive, specific applications with interactive, embedded features appear to play a significant role in the development of pathological Internet use. Therefore, one major focus of our study was which Internet applications subjects most often used, how they used them, and what impacts the applications had on their daily activities.

This paper presents results from a 3-year national project entitled “Internet Addiction among Taiwan Students.” The quantitative results of the first year were presented in Chou and Hsiao’s study, which described the overt behaviors of Internet addicts—in particular, network usage patterns. As Griffiths comments, however, the survey method, at best, indicates that Internet addiction may be prevalent in a significant minority of individuals. He suggests that other empirical techniques such as in-depth qualitative interviews are required. Therefore, the present study continues the focus on Taiwan college students, but includes in-depth interviews with subjects to further investigate the reasons for Internet heavy use and addiction, and the impact of such behavior.

game addiction

The first video tries to determine who is at risk from computer games. The speaker thinks that defining addiction is a hard issue. He imagines activities of children as fingers on his hand. Each of them stand for different activities. So some children like a particular acitivity while the other one likes another activity. He thinks that children shouldn't rely on just one activity. Otherwise we can be up against addiction.

The second video is about computer addiction. In its discussion of this topic, it gives a real example and an expert's view. The woman in the video says she spent much of her time on a computer game. She also admits that she was addicted to the game, and shut out her relation with real life. She didn't take care of her children while one of them had needed her help. Her husband also spent his time like her. The expert said computers can be as dangereous to human health as alcohol or drugs. He added that if people spend extensive time on the computer, they may lose brain activity.

using of technology

There is a general debate over the use of technology in education of K-12 students. While some believe that extensive use of technology is a better way for education, the others think differently. When we consider the needs of K-12 students, we can see the importance of school for these children. School provides points such as education, opportunities for friendship, and a social environment, points that are important for individual improvement.

The first task of school is to educate children. Student in any class whatsoever needs to receive a detailed explaination of subjects. They may want to ask questions about subjects, or acquire more information.

summary of `home talk and school talk`

On her article titled `Home Talk and School Talk`, dated 09/09/2008, Anne van Kleeck explains how home talk and school talk differ from each other and how cultures affect school success of students. She classifies the differences into three parts, why we talk, how we talk, what we talk about. When we use home talk for daily activities, school talk is used generally for educational needs. We talk at home in a more closely environment. In school we talk more carefully and give more time to conversation. In home talks we often focuse on subjects related on family. Against, we use school talk to generally educational matters. On the other hand, cultural structure of families is an important factor on the school success. In some families applying pre school activities, students are more successful rather than students of families not giving importance to pre school activities. Teachers recognizing differences between this two group student should approach carefully try to help them.

process paragraph

Rent an apartment

Many people experince some problems when they look for an apartment. However, if they apply some following tips, they can rent an apartment more easily. Firstly, the affordable upper limit for monthly or annual rent should be determined by renter. In determining of the limit, all possible and certain expenses and income are listed by their amounts and periods. After determining the upper limit, possible districts in which an apartment under the upper rent limit can be found should be listed. When making a list of possible regions, a renter should consider other important factors such as the distance to the metro, school, shopping centre and whether the region is safe etc. After chosing some regions, alternative aparments in these regions are searched by via of internet, news and other sources. Renter also may look around directly apartments. However, this method consumes much time. When the searching period finishes, the alternatives should be listed according to their qualities. Renter should focus on the alternatives and reduced them to a few ones. These are better choices. In the final period, the choices should seen and the better one should determine. While making a contract, renter should express all doubts. All the doubts and uncertainties should be negotiated with community manageror landlord and eliminated. Otherwise it is likely that some problems may occur during the rent period.

the process paragraph

Artificial respiration having an vital importance should be done carefully by consider following steps. Artificial respiration may be divided to two parts as preparation and procedure. In the former part, firstly a victim is positioned on a flat place. Then, his or her clothes, especially necktie and collars of shirt, are loosened. After, mouth should be checked for foreign objects. Any foreign objects should be removed to help to breath. Finally, before go to the second part, tongue is pulled forward. In the second part of the artificial respiration, firstly head is tilted. Chin is lifted and then jaw is opened. Head should be kept back. Nostrils are pinched. After this, a deep breath is taken, mouth is placed over victim's. Breath is exhaled. This act is repeated several times. Then victim is checked for mormal breathing.